Binding context

A binding context is an object that holds data that you can reference from your bindings. While applying bindings, Knockout automatically creates and manages a hierarchy of binding contexts. The root level of the hierarchy refers to the viewModel parameter you supplied to ko.applyBindings(viewModel). Then, each time you use a control flow binding such as with or foreach, that creates a child binding context that refers to the nested view model data.

Bindings contexts offer the following special properties that you can reference in any binding:

• $parent

  This is the view model object in the parent context, the one immeditely outside the current context. In the root context, this is undefined. Example:

   <h1 data-bind="text: name"></h1>
  
   <div data-bind="with: manager">
       <!-- Now we're inside a nested binding context -->
       <span data-bind="text: name"></span> is the
       manager of <span data-bind="text: $parent.name"></span>
   </div>
  

• $parents

  This is an array representing all of the parent view models:

  $parents[0] is the view model from the parent context (i.e., it’s the same as $parent)

  $parents[1] is the view model from the grandparent context

  $parents[2] is the view model from the great-grandparent context

  … and so on.

• $root

  This is the main view model object in the root context, i.e., the topmost parent context. It’s usually the object that was passed to ko.applyBindings. It is equivalent to $parents[$parents.length - 1].

• $component

  If you’re within the context of a particular component template, then $component refers to the viewmodel for that component. It’s the component-specific equivalent to $root. In the case of nested components, $component refers to the viewmodel for the closest component.

  This is useful, for example, if a component’s template includes one or more foreach blocks in which you wish to refer to some property or function on the component viewmodel rather than on the current data item.

• $data

  This is the view model object in the current context. In the root context, $data and $root are equivalent. Inside a nested binding context, this parameter will be set to the current data item (e.g., inside a with: person binding, $data will be set to person). $data is useful when you want to reference the viewmodel itself, rather than a property on the viewmodel. Example:

   <ul data-bind="foreach: ['cats', 'dogs', 'fish']">
       <li>The value is <span data-bind="text: $data"></span></li>
   </ul>
  

• $index (only available within foreach bindings)

  This is the zero-based index of the current array entry being rendered by a foreach binding. Unlike the other binding context properties, $index is an observable and is updated whenever the index of the item changes (e.g., if items are added to or removed from the array).

• $parentContext

  This refers to the binding context object at the parent level. This is different from $parent, which refers to the data (not binding context) at the parent level. This is useful, for example, if you need to access the index value of an outer foreach item from an inner context (usage: $parentContext.$index). This is undefined in the root context.

• $rawData

  This is the raw view model value in the current context. Usually this will be the same as $data, but if the view model provided to Knockout is wrapped in an observable, $data will be the unwrapped view model, and $rawData will be the observable itself.

• $componentTemplateNodes

  If you’re within the context of a particular component template, then $componentTemplateNodes is an array containing any DOM nodes that were passed to that component. This makes it easy to build components that receive templates, for example a grid component that accepts a template to define its output rows. For a complete example, see passing markup into components.

The following special variables are also available in bindings, but are not part of the binding context object:

• $context

  This refers to the current binding context object. This may be useful if you want to access properties of the context when they might also exist in the view model, or if you want to pass the context object to a helper function in your view model.

• $element

  This is the element DOM object (for virtual elements, it will be the comment DOM object) of the current binding. This can be useful if a binding needs to access an attribute of the current element. Example:

   <div id="item1" data-bind="text: $element.id"></div>
  

Controlling or modifying the binding context in custom bindings

Just like the built-in bindings with and foreach, custom bindings can change the binding context for their descendant elements, or provide special properties by extending the binding context object. This is described in detail under creating custom bindings that control descendant bindings.